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Late 17th century, the shape of the butt shows the French influence. Meister der Tierkopfranken stocked wheel lock dated on the barrel.

A 13, Russell Aitken Collection. Combined wheel lock and matchlock. One of the many classical scenes along both sides of the foreend, Vulcan with his work. Made for Maximilian loa. M Armeria Reale, Turin. The windows were open, as it was a warm evening and Pieter. Picking up his new fowling piece, he hushed his wife Hilda and crept to the window overlooking the chicken house.

Soon his eyes became adjusted to shadows cast by the house in the path of the bright moonlight. There he saw a crouching figure slipping out of the door of the roost. Sliding forward the pan cover of his gun and cocking it slowly so that there was only the tiniest he rested the barrel on the far edge of the geranium box. From that day. This story is. This is the reason ivhy the wheel lock never wholly supplanted the crude and less effective matchlock.

The wheel lock was too costly to supply Left-handed German snaphaunce of Scottish design dated ?. Both barret and lock have a stamp of an "H" with an "I" superimposed surmounted with a crown.

Chased steel stock, silver , and brass furniture, vivid blue barrel with gold on the and zu Curland. Metropolitan S'o. Alexander McMillan Welch Bequest. The fimction without service. In colonial campaigns— with the made in Scotland, to masses of infantry and was too circular shield at the primer pan cover, unlike the one-piece frizzen and pan and true flintlock.

The snaphaunce covers of both miquelet that the separate cock tumbler by a lever. The pinning down manu- pan— the French is is a version of the name— was any kind of a gun at definition seem to have put some strange fellows bed together. As for the dates of the ancestor of the flintlock— there are snaplocks in the Royal Swedish Armory dated There is a left- and right-handed pair of Scotch snaphaunces— Scottish pairs are usually left- and right-handed— in the T0jhus Museet in Copenhagen dated Italian snaphaunces are distinguished from wheel locks by Cosimo di Medici, in his edict prohibiting concealed weapons issued in Florence in Finally, Moorish and Arabian snaphaunces were made attempts in snaphaunce probably preceded the it "snaphaunce" with a gun lock mechanism that went "snap.

Only a century or so ago, snaphaunce, or chena- somewhere between and Holland seems to have been where they were first built, with the second possibility northern Italy, but the name "snaphaunce" being derived from the Dutch favors the mi iuelet by ten or twenty years, yet When the hammer goes forward, the pan cover also slides forward, exposing the powder in the flash pan to the spark from the face of the separate steel.

This mechanical detail does not necessarily make all snaphaunces facture to Historically, descended from the wheel lock mechanism to the extent pan cover is connected to the base of the is or cartouche, historical association, and owner's insignia, have narrowed the date of end of the primer pan.

The problem seems really to be one of nomenclature. By definition, a snaphaunce has a separate striking steel independent of the , but study of existing pieces identified by actual dating, initials the earliest guns have a curiously Moorish appearance but do not look like the Dutch model.

The Italian snaphaunce doesn't look like the Scottish ones at all, nor does it have the exception of North America— there weren't mechanics around to keep them firing. Nonetheless, the advantages of the wheel lock, or fire lock as it was often called, were apparent to every one who was familiar with the use of weapons. The need for a less complicated and expensive weapon with the advantages of the wheel lock led to the development of the snaphaunce.

The snaphaunce does everything that the wheel lock could do. The snaphaunce can be loaded and primed in advance. Once loaded, with the pan cover closed to retain the primer charge and keep out moisture, the weapon is ready for instant use.

The burning match, need for fire, telltale smoke and glow of the match— all are eliminated. Guesses as to the date of invention have run from to maker's among Scottish snaphaunces, likely that their development was independent rather than derivative.

Whether the invention of the snaphaunce influenced that of the mic uelet or not is anyone's guess, but what makes more exciting speculation is: How did the snaphaunce turn up in such far apart places as Morocco, Scotland, Sweden and from the very early period until at least as late as After manufacture moved back to Liege in Belgium where the modern manufacturing facilities were used to supply the Near Eastern market and the tourist trade. At the releases the tumbler 2 , drop- with some lorce against the bat- 6 saiTie time a spur on the tumbler pushes forward a rod connected to the pan cover opening the pan 8 to receive the spark.

The two revolving snaphaunce carbines at the Tojhus Muscet. Incidentally, the revolving snaphaunce carbines from Nuremberg are the oldest dated revolvers in existence, and will be of interest to compare with the Colt and Collier revolvers.

Other variants of the snaphaunce are the G0nge guns, named for the Danish partisan troops who used them in a war with Sweden; the Swedish snaplock already noted; and a locks. For a new musket, with mould, worm, and scowrer mould thumb screw similar to the pistols, 6 with a key, worm, flask, and cases of and boar according to scowrer. While J. George, in his definitive hook English Pistols and Revolvers, first published in , illustrates a snaphaunce revolving pistol of the period, the snaphaunce pistol had long been superseded in England by the English dog lock, which is really a flintlock because the frizzen and pan are one piece.

As has been noted, the English were early to cast cannon and may have been among the first to use brass, bellmetal, or bronze, they were slow to take to handguns and slower in developing an industry to build them. We have complete records of the smuggling of European handguns into London during the reign of Elizabeth I— they were brought in as bolts of cloth. Etcetera, as aforesaid As can be seen by this document, snaphaunces were cheaper than "firelocks".

Also, English gunsmithing was not all that could be desired. The commission required that an apprenticeship be established and that weapons be proofed "because divers cutlers, smyths, tynkers, and other botchers of armes, by their unskilfullness have utterly spoiled many.

Their proofmarks were a capital "V" beneath a crown, meaning that the barrel had passed the first "Viewing" inspection, and the letters "GP" under a crown. The few Scottish firearms which were made at this period Doun have survived in better shape than their English counterparts. This is often because they were all metal, in- made of brass or an iron alloy properties resembling modern stain- cluding their grips, which were which has rust-resisting However, Scottish firearms are rare and valuable as the English collected and destroyed all of the weapons that they could lay their hands on after the uprising in support of Bonnie Prince Charlie.

Ancient Scottish snaphaunce garniture. I-onggun dated on barreland lock, with the initials 'R. Traces of gold in the barret engraving, silver nails in the stock. Tudor rose and Scotch thistle design in stock, loa.

XII , Tower of bbl 38", London. Italian snaphaunce guns, not a pair. Left gun c. Gun on right is signed Tuscan, Bartolomeo Caltrani c.

George thinks so and Pol- collector as well as a writer, he has "yet to see a English made snaphaunce"— this was written in the 's. Looking at an ancient snaphaunce today makes one want to rush out and invent the flintlock. The logic of the develop- one wonders why the Brescian gunsmiths took to making snaphaunces at a time when flintlocks were being built in France and even England.

As a matter of fact, there is neither much logic nor time sequence to the ment seems so obvious today that building of the Italian snaphaunces. Agostino Gaibi'" says "L'acciarino alia fiorentina that: the snaphaunce ". In any event, there are signed survivors in Italian and museums from Andrea Rossi di Parma "Acqua Fresca" Bastiano Cecchi di Bargi, , as well as the famous Michael Lorenzonus Michele Lorenzoni snaphaunce built between and , and then, wonder of wonders, "Piastre alle fiorentina deir Italia Centrale" made by another Cecchi about It the Italians continued to build the archaic is curious that and awkward snaphaunce locks right along side of some of the greatest locksmithing and barrel making of the flintlock period.

This typifies what makes firearms fascinating, and makes every effort to classify by dates just a little silly. Major H. Pollnrd, Tanner, London, Few dated Italian snaphaunces were made after Baltic snaplock with primitive inlays of faces, hearts, etc in mother-of-pearl.

Pair of Brescinn pistols. The bbl nys", cat. Externally buffered Dutch snaphaunce , loa. Geoffrey Jenkinson Collection. Wheel lock shaped early Dutch snaphaunce. Xote the lock shape and the sliding pan cover which works with the cock.

In the case of the snaphaunce. In the case of the miquelet. Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire Germany , originally Charles I of Spain, was brought up and educated in the Spanish colony of the Netherlands and observed the skilled workmanship of the armorers of Augsberg and Nuremberg. When he was elected Holy Roman Emperor him to take the opportunity to send a couple of his loyal subjects, Simon and Peter from his interest in weaponr ' led Augsberg to Madrid to build weapons and establish the craft.

And this is just what they did. At first, as can be imagined, they built wheel locks after the popular may, as German style, and did the foreign gunsmiths in London, have imported locks from Germany or brought them along with them. This was in the year The brothers continued to make guns in Spain and to instruct the Spanish armorers in the art, some and about thirty years later. Simon, Jr. Comlnazzo monkey on the ramrod belies the Xeapolilan look of this miq uelet which was built in Brescia for export in the mid 17th little figures are canied out of steel.

Gavin Astor and Albert Museum, London. The first mark, that of Marcjuarte. No nation has enjoyed a reputation sliip making Spanish arms time than the Spanish. The locks are signed on the better guns and the name of the maker appears boldly along the top of the barrels in many have burst and caused serious accidents. The makers were proud of their work, and instead of making a craft mystery of their skill, they told the world how they made barrels, as they had not the slightest doubt that they could not and would not be bettered and were annoyed with cheap copies with the names of the famous makers forged on them.

Spanish barrels were so good that dozens of imitators copied them in lesser materials and signed them Bclcn, Bis, Garcia, Santos. Esquibel, Lopez, Zegarra, and Soler. Some of these famous makers and their marks will be found in the index of this book. Even in the heyday of British arms manufacture, the best London makers did not hesicases, tate to use Spanisli barrels with their original markings.

They even re-mounted and re-used old Spanish barrels with new stocks who and locks. In all probability, the Englisli patronized the London gun trade sportsmen knew and demanded Spanish barrels. Soler wrote his book to protect tiie Madrid trade from hundred and fifty years before Soler. Espinar compared the plight of the Spanish gunsmith with Cominazzoand iiis imitators. After that the barrels are signed by The marks reputation of the real Cominazzo barrels had spread we our custom in search of and new sights.

Here I purchased of old Lazarino Cominazzo my fine carbine, which cost me 9 pistoles and that workman Jo. Franco, the best ing traverst according to antiquities esteemed.

He attributes the innovation of forging barrels to Juan Sanchez de Miruena who was brought to Madrid during the minority of the Infante Don Fernando before Nicolas Bis took the process a step further when he put horses to work for him by using worn our horseshoes which had been made of ductile Biscayan The shoes, of hammered on iron. The old horse- shoes were collected from blacksmiths, washed in the Man- zanares river to remove not only the dirt but to "discover the quality of the iron, for there are some horseshoes which, not being Biscayan, are made of rough and brittle iron, and one alone is more than sufficient to spoil a whole gun.

The final tube shape was heated thirty-two times not counting the initial forging from one flat sheet or shovel, and the folding and forming to achieve a tough cross-graining.

The first, Lazarino Cominazzo, was hiiiliiing guns in and the same family was still at work in I7S0. Laziiritio, Lorenzo and others of the family signed their work in the language or dialect of the purchaser: hence we find their barrels signed Comminazzo, Commazzo, Cominaco, and Cominaz for the Neapolitan trade and Spain.

Three Ripoll miquelels. Miniature pair of kit pistols have grooved and fluted barrels. The stock inlays are silver with a rampant lion and scroll design. The miquelet lock has a half cock The heavy hammer spring 8 is external.

I into ihe pan which position which is is uncovered a bar as the frizzen is driven extending through the lock 2. THE MIQUELET The final fanatical extreme in Spanish barrel making was achieved by Alonzo Martinez circa from horseshoe Nobody who forged a gun There was no nonsense about the miquelet lock, it was and the strong main spring provided plenty of sturdily built, tried to beat that record, so wallop to the cock's forward motion, producing a shower of where he became official gunmaker to King John V.

He was later picked up as a prisoner-of-war by the Spanish he was with the Catalonians who, having no patience for such virtuosity, sentenced him to death. A gun collector, Captain General The deep-grooved heavy battery weighed enough so that it would function even if its return spring were broken or missing. Both springs being on the outside of the lock plate were easily accessible for replacement if broken. Finally, when the half cock was evolved, an end of the sear stuck through a hole in the lock plate, preventing an accidental discharge.

In the case of Ripoll weapons, as distinguished from those made in Madrid, the safety device was an external hook or dog functioning like the hook nails.

Martinez dusted off his hands and went Prince Pio, "regretting that such skill to Portugal should perish" freed him and set him to work as the Master of Arms of Majorca. While Spanish gun barrels became the desiderata of shooters who preferred guns that did not blow up, the typi- cally Spanish, or miquelet, lock Arab Empire, pire. Many a finely decorated versions of the Russian miquelet survives Kremlin Armory. Political ties— the kingdoms of Spain and Naples, Sicily and Sardinia were united— and the emulation of the military quickly spread the use and then the manufacture of the miquelet to Italy and Morocco, leading to the earlier name of Mediterranean miquelet of , another miquelet illustrated in Keith Neal's excellent Spanish ish lock of , a Ripoll from , all Guns and Pistols, and the completely indigenous and unique English dog locks of the Cromwellian period.

Just as there are a thousand variations to each broad classification of weapons, similarly there are simple identifying characteristics. Regardless of its nationality or period, the and strong exterior main spring. Sometimes the spring bears on the heel of the cock— it does in the earliest Spanish examples—and sometimes on the toe— as in the case of certain Neapolitan and Sicilian examples.

In any event, the sturdy external "V" spring is the identifying thing to look for. Another thing to miquelet lock can be identified by look for, but not always present, is its large a wide, heavy battery or These were most commonly grooved vertically, the ridges being hit by the flint and the valleys guiding the sparks into the priming pan. Plates 27 lock. Neapolitan, Sardinian. Spanish or Moorish, the micjuelet in the flintlock, and the first weapon to simplify and combine the frizzen or battery in one piece with the flash pan cover.

The practicality of the lock, the ductile toughness of Biscayan iron and the patient craftsmanship of the Spanish gunsmiths of Madrid and Ripoll produced a superior was the father of the weapon. Ripoll had the misfortune to be in a geographical location that was continually contested, and the additional prize of the local gun industry was an inducement to conquest.

Ripoll was occu- pied and reclaimed innumerable times until, in the early 19th century, the French razed this tiny industrial commu- on the Spanish side of the Pyrenees. The coastal route, of course, attached Spain to her Italian possessions or pretentions, and north west of Ripoll, the mid-millenium state of Roussillon stuck painfully into the France of the Louis'. Unforand pride of craftsmanship had burned out at RipoU.

While Eibar-made guns— mostly percussion weapons—are fairly common, they are a far cry from the finest in the tunately, the skills workmanship.

In his Mississippi voyage of Jolliet tinually infested the lower part of the Mississippi river. As the prestige of Spanish arms diminished so did the leadership of their armor. The rise of France and the inven- of Indians with pistols tion of the true flintlock pistol are hardly coincidental. Silver cal. Gold-mounted casque-butts with open foliate pattern-book gold inlays. The gun on the left is A'o. Stone, Trumpets, fifes, hautboys, drums, cannons formed a harmony such as has never been heard of even in hell.

The cannons first of all laid flat about six thousand men on each side; then the musketry removed from the best of worlds some nine or ten thousand blackguards who infested its surface. The bayonet also was the sufficient reason for the death of some thousands of men. Candide, as well as who trembled like a philosopher, he could during hid himself had not kept a corner under his arm and the small standall differed from each other. So much so that the troops on one side frequently found their only method of mutual recognition was that every man should pull his shirt out of his hose, or else put it ards used by the cavalry, over his doublet.

With the aid of Sully a national treasury of 60 to 70 million livres was collected— 6. While Voltaire's story is an allegory and his setting a mythical Balkan kingdom, his description of the pitched battles of the seventeenth temporary if and eighteenth centuries a con- is not an eyewitness account.

France's day of glory on the battlefield and the invention of the flintlock went hand in hand. The battles which Louis XIII and Louis XIV fought could not have been won by the French soldier whom Riche- Memoirs: "Musket on shoulder, his bandolier slung around his neck, his musket rest in his right hand, a long walking stick in his left thus do we see the lieu describes in his.

Thus, as a further defense against the enemy's charge, each contained a certain proportion of pikemen, company who opposed the advance of the cavalry by crossing their heavy weapons, fourteen feet long. As for the cavalry, it dragoons, they called themselves ; consisted of musketeers mounted infantry, which dismounted before firing; light horse; gendarmes in armor; and carbiniers, who acted as scouts and skirmishers. Candide, Random House, New English trans. Charles E.

Merrill, Jr. York, , Chap- Henri built his treasury in other ways, as well. He estab- which craftsmen were encouraged to come by special grants and subsidies which accompanied the official appointment of the King. When the future Louis XIII was a child of seven or eight, he used to play in the courtyard of the Louvre, and a contemporary writer noted his normal childlike interest in cannons and weapons— an interest that followed him through life.

While his mother, Marie de Medici, was stringing magic beads and compounding philtres with her constant companion, LeonoreDori, the future king was dragging a toy cannon a string across the paved courtyard of the Louvre.

Le Bourgeoys may well have been working at the forge with his brother Jean and the noise and the smoke attracted the prince. It can easily be imagined that the conversations between the child and the master craftsman may have inspired Louis' lifelong interest in hand weapons. Heinemann, London, Archives de I art Francois.

The laire general scholarly Dr. Torsten Lenk The Flintlock in of arms known to be from the in his work, In Hayward's English translation of Lenk an astonishing 70 items of the original are listed as existing, in private collections and museums. Many are pre- served in the Musee de I'Armee in Paris. Others are scattered from the Hermitage in Leningrad to the Renwick collection in Arizona.

The most important private collection of these early French weapons is a part of the arms collection of W. Keith Xeal in Wiltshire. Among the surviving examples from the Cabinet collec- tion of weapons, some having belonged to previous kings , are the first true flintlocks designed and French made by Marin le Bourgeoys. The steel and pan cover have become one well-shaped piece, performing both functions. The cock hammer are controlled inside gun by a vertically acting sear which catches in notches cut and the half cock positions of the into an interior tumbler or steel disc.

For instance, the working parts, the springs, and the which protruded through the lock plate of the mique- locks Ict or the English dog lock have been eliminated.

The result invention of the flintlock, and the putting of work- ing parts into the gun's interior, line in made it possible to stream- weapons. Lenk holds that the flintlock was invented Germany and that le Bourgeoys never left his watchmak- locksmithing family in Lesieux, Normandy. But ing, and all assume the shapes which are now familiar.

The "French" stock which could be rested on the shoulder, the pistol grip which made the handgun balance and hang in the hand, made their appearance. The "German" lumpy stock with cated triangular appearance from the back, gave flintlocks its trun- away—knob and all— to the more himiane and person-fitting stocks of the French gimmakers.

Few gunsmiths of any period made complete guns. Comimaker who shipped bundles of his barrels to gunsmiths in Germany to have locks nazzo. Augsberg and Nuremberg, Germany, were famous for the manufacture of wheel lock mechanisms, and stock makers such as Johannes Sadeler and Heironymus Borstorffer the Elder in Munich signed the stocks which the iron carvers had engraved and decorated.

The average gunsmith, whether he made all or part of a gun. To be when he made his masterpiece, the chej d'oeiivre by which he was judged by the masters of the guild to have completed his apprenticeship, he may have made a complete weapon as a tour de force. In his day-to-day operation, the gunsmith was and is a lock fittter, a barrel bedder and gun assembler.

If today's gunsmith has an order for a particularly fine piece, he calls on the services of a jeweler and engraver. So it was with early ginismiths. The The only the shapes, but the styles of the decorators became pop- engraver, the goldsmith and stock decorator needed The first things at hand and the easiest to come by were the coats of arms of the intended owner.

This was a sure fire hit. Some pretty stumpy, stiff-legged deer, elk and boar decorate stocks of green and natural colored bone-ivory stocks of the wheel lock period. For pure design, outside inspiration was called for, and to fill this need came the rubbings and pattern books a design. Felix Fuchs cast II cannon for Count Anton Gunther of Oldenburg, which traced his ancestry back to Charlemagne via coats of arms, covering every square inch of its ten-foot-long barrel.

Kennard and Schedelmann have both written monographs on it. The stock inlay material is green and white staghorn and brass wire. X11I, Tower of London. There were a few early designers whose sketches have survived, and examples of the adaptation of their designs a cutting tool or were made guns. The for both wheel locks as well as the example of earliest surviving his new work is flintlock a signed and dated wheel lock in the Bavarian National Museum in Munich. Etienne Delaune Philippe Cordier Daubigny, whose earliest designs are was an engraver at the royal mint in Paris.

Jan van der Straet Stradanus published a guide to design which influenced the celebrated Sadeler brothers, Emanuel and Daniel, and David Allenstatter the goldsmith, who in turn set the style for the Munich school that was to remain in fashion for nearly a century.

And we still find fine examples in the work of Caspar Spat who was using the same by-then old- with its carving in steel'" '—a style fashioned designs until nearly the time of his death in Peter Flotner engraved designs for wheel locks, using Roman history and classical mythology for subject matter, his death in He was Nuremberg between and succeeded by his son.

Fi- before the French school of the flintlock, Jost Amman's designs were used for bronze and gilt ornamental His compendium, Kunsfhiichlein, was published after his death and at the end of the period, in 1 The new feeling in guns was beginning to show itself.

The French work, particularly in design without figures, is more delicate casting. Henequin's designs, appropriately enough. They carved in iron: heat treated the surfaces, and then had gold inlaid on the flat, instead of carving or casting in the softer metal. Munich and arabesques into design for the locks of both wheel and he had designs for the first comThese are of the period of Daubigney survives chiefly through his pattern books which were printed in Paris in with the dates on the engravings altered to match.

In his illustrations plete flintlock guns. Daubigney's engravings included lettered descriptive leg- no examples of their application sursdve. This may be explained by the fact that the gunsmiths of the period could barely spell their own names.

The Cominazzo family coped imaginatively with the problem by spelling their ends, but name with at least twenty-nine variations. It is a little book— only sixteen pages, plus a portrait of Marcou looking very devilish; and from the it must have seemed the work of the devil himself to the poor jeweler or armorer who set out to try to duplicate the fantasies in solid metal.

Although Marcou describes himself as a "Maistre Arquebuzier a Paris" none of his work survives outside of the book, and I doubt very much that the old fox would have hideously ornate designs in Marcou's book, his own designs. Lenk traces the influence of Marcou to a garniture a pair of pistols and a matching long gun made by P. Thomas of Paris, now in the LivTustkammaren in Stockholm.

To me, they are a chaste and watereddown version. At least Marin le Bourgeoy had the courage of his convictions when he whittled the flintlock which is now attempted in the Hermitage in Leningrad. The butt of the stock the shape of the foot of a deer with tracery engraving is in on the on this gun probably the only one in the luorld signed hy Bertrand Paraube" and dated 16S5.

Duke of Richmond, the bbl " ,20 gauge. The rifle is a breech loader. The ten inches of the breech end of the barrel are deeply last can'ed in bas-relief scroll designs, a cupid sports in a garden of arabesques on the face plate opposite the lock, and the end is inlaid with swirls of silver wire. From the horsemen on top of the barrel to the owl on the back of the lock, the metal parts are damascened in gold against a rich blue field and the stock shows a little wood for contrast through the engraved sheets and wires of silver.

Berain "illustrated" only flintlocks. In he published Plusiers models des plus noiivelles manieres qui sont en usage en I'art d'arquebuzerie from the works of Thuraine and Le Hollandois, the who were gunmakers by appointment, but work shops of the Louvre. The garniture is gracefully made but shows nowhere the richness of design of Jacquinet's pattern book. Lenk in the 's. Musee de I'Armee, Xo. M Paris.

European flintlock,. Heairy black bluing, loa. Louis Xlll's gun made by Marin le Bourgeoys in 's. Thisand the Bourgeoys gun in the Hrrmitage are possibly the two oldest flintlock guns surviving. Painted stock, tube rear sight. Cabinet d'ArmesNo. Chasteau a Paris, Le Languedoc. Thuraine and Le Hollandois:"" as well as the decorators with their pattern books, Henequin, Daubigny, Marcou, Berain and Jacquinet, set a new gun design and decoration.

They provided and models that were copied and sometimes im- style in the patterns proved on not only in the provinces of France, but also throughout most of the gunmaking world for years. In the eighteenth century, while the French were continuing with their rich designs, turning out masterpieces signed by de Lacollombe, La Roche, Boutet and Le Page, the Eng- were refining the action of the flintlock. Combination matchlocl No. M-flO, Musee de.

I'Armee, Paris. Pair of flintlock pistols. Even the tips ore chiselled steel, loa. The red pistols o velvet sheaths have the royal fieur-dclis embroidered thread. H9y8, Musee de VArmec, Ports. The total number of duels fought would break the heart of a The romanticist. First The off.

Secondly, the British gunmakers intro- duced refinements make to the basic flintlock smoothly, with fewer misfires. Additional and positional and precision fit- bridles helped to maintain the correct angles relationship between the cock and the steel, made the pan cover part of the steel fit so closely that was watertight against even complete immersion. Colonel Peter Hawker, was a great field hunter and even though in a fine shot, his Instructions to Young Sportsmen he takes credit for suggesting the percussion cap to Joe The who kept his flintlocks in the flintlock type of ignition invented Manton.

There were, however, disadvantages. The flint could break, and often did; after seven or eight shots the face of the flint became worn or chipped and ignition became more uncertain, and finally the flash of the sparks from the flint occurred a perceptible part of a second before the gim went off—just time enough to alert or scare off wild game. The next major advance in guns was to come from an unlikely source— a Scottish divine who had taught himself chemistry.

Over and under "Lazaro Lazarino" Lazaro Cominazzo pistols. General Gaibi describes these guns as being"decorated with sober elegance". The carved shows traces of gilt. The previously cocked hammer or cock 7 flies 9 forward striking battery and showers sparks 10 which lias in pan been uncovered by the blow.

Crjl auttill qilt-ir Irauaillcr. It of interest to note that the gunmakers in the shop are busy building wheel locks. Illustrations from Jacquinet's Plusieurs Models which loas published in Lock Details from Jucquinet, Plusieurs Models. Hermann Bongard of Dusseldorf made this garniture which originally included a cane, for the Elector Johann Wilhelm of Pfalz in Zweiand A traveller, Zachnrias von Ufjenbach, admired the garniture and described it in He says that he put on his gloves to examine them.

The shotgun is 60" long, bbl 4b", bore 14 gauge. The powder Hash is gold and mother-of-pearl, Nos. Bayerische Armeemuseum, Munich. Made for Napoleon to celebrate the Egyptian campaign , the designs include sphinxes, Libyan lions, pyramids, and Cleopatra's asp.

On the little pocket pistol at the right, there is a tired French cavalry-man in a pose reminiscent of Remington's cowboys. The engraving may have been done by Montigny. Ebony stocked with silver furniture, these English cavalry pistols are of exceptional quality, loa. Tower of London. The judges were not only historically incorrect, they didn't even have hindsight. By the 's corned powders were good enough so that was possible to figure out how long it took a certain batch of powder to burn, and by the end of the seventeenth cenit Gun- which handicapped the revolutionists.

Fortunately for the French, one of his pupils was spared by oversight. Otherwise, neither might the revolution have succeeded nor Napoleon tury special quick-burning pistol powders existed. Powders continued to be his first battle. Antoine Laurent Lavoisier 1 had already done more to load the French guns than any other man. As a geol1 ogist, black he had found new sources for that vital ingredient of powder— saltpeter.

As a chemist, he was able to increase makers then were busy sawing off the ends of the old long- barreled pistols, as a long barrel was no longer necessary to re- powders for cannon, there were two sizes of powder used by hand gunners, plus a fine powder used for priming.

The priming powder worked and fined, well, in addition to very coarse burning rapidly, and detonating the coarser powder in or the spark the efficiency and improve the quality of gunpowder, and as the barrel; unless, of course, the "Regisseur des Poudres" in , he did away with an abuse that had existed in France for hundreds of years— almost since missed the pan of powder, or the wind hit it, or the shooter clumsily spilled the priming powder before the shot, or unless the invention of gunpowder— which allowed government emhomes for ployees to enter and search the cellars of private it Waterproof pans to hold the priming powder were dewere drilled in the bottom of pans, and pan covers were hitched mechanically to the cocks so that the protective cover stayed in place until the trigger had been pulled and the flint in the cock was already travelling toward the pan.

Neither loose priming powder nor loose fulminate were vised, drain holes experiments with the highly explosive fulminating powders. To Lavoisier, fulminating powders were just one more kind of explosive: an explosive which perhaps would be more dependable, but effective than gunpowder as it was more violent. Guns had, that it at least the intensity of the flash that powder, although Leonardo da Vinci had invented and sketched a steam gun, and surviving airguns date back as far as This provided a control of the size of the particles and eliminated the chunks which burned slowly, and the powder trolled in manufacture to perform a specific job.

What are fulminates and what are they good for? The tain to ignite the black had improved over the centuries from fulminate took up so could be protected from water more since their intention, been fired most successfully with gun- propellant to a substance which could be pretty well con- flint failed, got wet.

In he published Sur la combustion en general, and two years before the revolution, he published a text on the nomenclature of chemistry with Berthollet, who was later to carry on 98 or dust which flashed. Progress and explosions went hand in hand.

First Berthollet got a big bang by mixing ammonia with precipitated silver oxide Howard's ama- onstrated, the following year by who blew salts to himself up in public as he demonstrated the the Royal Society in 1 teur enthusiasm for chemistry was diverted into other chan- nels—his comment: "I am more chemical subjects"— and painstaking researches of safer was it disposed to prosecute other left to the Von Liebig more thorough and to perfect the mercuric fulminates which have been used since.

Who was going to be the Thomas Edison and make a practical application of the new fulminates? The idea was that the new explosive could So replace gunpowder.

It didn't because How it The firearms, Becku'ith. These Lull don-made guns were obviously made for a They are far too highly decorated for the English taste of the period. The picture at the right shows the lock and hammer action. Aitken Collection. Locks by burning gimpowder, to provide the propelling charge. Philadelphia, and Turin, a Scotsource. Far tish clergyman,. Alexander John Forsyth, put two and two Only 22 years after bloody Culloden.

The flash in the pan of Forsyth's old flintlock scared away the few birds that the pastor encountered on his shooting walks. Although discarded today by commercial ammunition makers because of its corrosive action on steel, mercuric primers are still used by the U.

Lepage cased pair oi pill locks. The pills were loaded in the urnshaped lontaincr on the top of the touch-holes. A spring-loaded firing pin was placed on top and the cap screwed down. The hammer, smooth on the face, droi'e the firing pin into the percussion pellet. Russell Aitkcn Collection. As an amateur chemist, he experimented with the newfulminating powders. This in turn led him to experiment with "almost every form of hammer and pan that has yet been devised".

After a frustrating bout with the mil- he applied for a patent for the scent-bottle lock in , developed a lock for a three poimder cannon and later itary, He improved on his scent-bottle with a primer dispenser that slid back and forth, synchronized with the cock, dispensing primer mix in the pan on each journey. Napoleon had no time for new gimmicks. There were Nobody new device started.

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